Effects of fire seasonality and intensity on resprouting woody plants in prairie-forest communities

This article was published May 28, 2021 in Restoration Ecology

https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13451

Abstract

Woody plant expansion is one of the greatest contemporary threats to fire-dependent ecosystems. Reducing woody plant prevalence is often a primary objective of prescribed burns, yet little attention has been given to understanding the efficacy of burning to reduce their abundance. Fire intensity characteristics and plant phenology/physiology, which are sometimes presented as competing hypotheses, influence how woody plants respond to a fire event. Little work has been done in the prairie-forest region of the upper Midwest to understand how fire characteristics interact with woody species phenology and/or physiology. Using a controlled field experiment, we examined effects of timing (seasonality) and intensity (temperature and duration) of fires on top-kill and resprouting of three invasive woody plants in this region (common buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica; bush honeysuckles, Lonicera spp.; and a native species, northern pin oak Quercus ellipsoidalis). Honeysuckles and pin oak burned in the spring dormant period, a common practice in the region, resulted in low levels of top-kill and high levels of resprouting. Burning during the late growing season yielded highest levels of top-kill and lowest levels of resprouting for honeysuckles and pin oaks. However, there was no apparent effect of season or fire intensity treatment for buckthorn stems. Under all treatment combinations, buckthorn was easily top-killed but resprouted prolifically. Collectively, most prescribed burning in the Midwest appears to be conducted during the least effective season (early growing season), when top-kill is reduced and/or resprouting most pronounced. Our results indicate that fire use could be better prescribed in this region for controlling woody plants.

Citation

Meunier, Jed, Nathan S. Holoubek, Yari Johnson, Tim Kuhman, and Brad Strobel. "Effects of fire seasonality and intensity on resprouting woody plants in prairie‐forest communities." Restoration Ecology: e13451.

Watershed and fire severity are stronger determinants of soil chemistry and microbiomes than within-watershed woody encroachment in a tallgrass prairie system

This manuscript was accepted Nov. 27, 2021 and published in FEMS Microbiology Ecology, fiab154

https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiab154

Abstract

Fire can impact terrestrial ecosystems by changing abiotic and biotic conditions. Short fire intervals maintain grasslands and communities adapted to frequent, low-severity fires. Shrub encroachment that follows longer fire intervals accumulates fuel and can increase fire severity. This patchily distributed biomass creates mosaics of burn severities in the landscape—pyrodiversity. Afforded by a scheduled burn of a watershed protected from fires for 27 years, we investigated effects of woody encroachment and burn severity on soil chemistry and soil-inhabiting bacteria and fungi. We compared soils before and after fire within the fire-protected, shrub-encroached watershed and soils in an adjacent, annually burned, non-encroached watershed. Organic matter and nutrients accumulated in the fire-protected watershed but responded less to woody encroachment within the encroached watershed. Bioavailable nitrogen and phosphorus and fungal and bacterial communities responded to high severity burn regardless of encroachment. Low severity fire effects on soil nutrients differed, increased bacterial but decreased fungal diversity, and effects of woody encroachment within the encroached watershed were minimal. High severity burns in the fire-protected watershed led to a novel soil system state distinct from non-encroached and encroached soil systems. We conclude that severe fires may open grassland restoration opportunities to manipulate soil chemistry and microbial communities in shrub-encroached habitats.

Keywords

Fire severity and history, woody encroachment, tallgrass prairie ecosystem, soil bacteria and fungi, soil chemistry, alternate ecosystem states

Citation

Mino, Laura, Matthew R. Kolp, Sam Fox, Chris Reazin, Lydia Zeglin, and Ari Jumpponen. "Watershed and fire severity are stronger determinants of soil chemistry and microbiomes than within-watershed woody encroachment in a tallgrass prairie system." FEMS Microbiology Ecology (2021)

The combined effects of an extreme heatwave and wildfire on tallgrass prairie vegetation

This article was published in the Journal of Vegetation Science March 22, 2019.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12750

Abstract

Questions

Climate extremes are predicted to become more common in many ecosystems. Climate extremes can promote and interact with disturbances, but the combined effects of climate extremes and disturbances have not been quantified in many ecosystems. In this study, we ask whether the dual impact of a climate extreme and concomitant disturbance (wildfire) has a greater affect than a climate extreme alone.

Location

Tallgrass prairie in the Konza Prairie Biological Station, northeastern Kansas, USA.

Methods

We quantified the response of a tallgrass prairie plant community to a 2-year climate extreme of low growing-season precipitation and high temperatures. In the first year of the climate extreme, a subset of plots was burned by a growing-season wildfire. This natural experiment allowed us to compare community responses to a climate extreme with and without wildfire.

Results

In plots exposed to the climate extreme but not wildfire, community structure, diversity, and composition showed minor to insignificant changes, such as a 20% reduction in grass cover and a slight increase in species diversity. Plots exposed to both the climate extreme and wildfire underwent larger changes, including an 80% reduction in grass cover, 50% increase in forb cover, and increased plant diversity. Two years after the climate extreme, structural shifts in burned plots showed little sign of recovery, indicating a potentially lasting shift in plant community structure.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that community responses to climate extremes need to account for climate-related disturbances — in this case, high temperatures, drought and wildfire. This response diverged from our expectation that heat, drought, and an additional fire would favor grasses. Although growing-season wildfires in tallgrass prairie have been rare in recent decades, they will likely become more common with climate change, potentially leading to changes in grassland structure.

Citation

Ratajczak, Zak, Amber C. Churchill, Laura M. Ladwig, Jeff H. Taylor, and Scott L. Collins. "The combined effects of an extreme heatwave and wildfire on tallgrass prairie vegetation." Journal of Vegetation Science 30, no. 4 (2019): 687-697.

Exploring the Potential Role of Ants as Pollinators in a Tallgrass Prairie Following Varied Prescribed Burns

This article was published Nov. 10, 2021, in Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences 

https://doi.org/10.1660/062.124.0301

Abstract

Prescribed burns are used to restore the herbaceous plant communities of tallgrass prairies. Unfortunately, land-use change has driven declines in animal communities that use that habitat, including insect pollinators. Flowering forbs in tallgrass prairies likely depend on insect pollinators for their reproduction, suggesting that restoration efforts may be limited if insect pollinators continue to decline. Further, prescribed burns may lead to the direct mortality of insect pollinators. We thus explore whether Formica ants may be able to compensate for the loss of insect pollinators in tallgrass prairies by monitoring visitation rates of ants and insect pollinators to the milkweed Asclepias tuberosa. Using replicated experimental plots burned at different times (summer, fall, or spring), we found that ants were robust to the timing of prescribed burns and that they averaged 50% of all visits across plots. The distribution of ants and other insect pollinators may be regulated by competitive interactions, as there was a negative relationship between the two potential pollinator communities: the more ant visits, the fewer pollinator visits, and vice versa. The high visitation rates suggest ants may potentially compensate, especially as competitive interactions decrease, but whether that may occur likely depends on their efficiency as pollinators, current plant features, or subsequent plant adaptations to utilize ants.

Citation

Eckols, Tucker, Bethany Roberton, Brandon Clark, and Darren Rebar. "Exploring the Potential Role of Ants as Pollinators in a Tallgrass Prairie Following Varied Prescribed Burns." Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 124, no. 3-4: 155-164.

Assessing the Impacts of Prescribed Fire and Bison Disturbance on Birds Using Bioacoustic Recorders

This article was published Oct. 18, 2021 in The American Midland Naturalist 

https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-186.2.245

Abstract

Grassland bird responses to grazing and prescribed fire are species-specific and are primarily known from systems with cattle as the predominant grazer. There is less knowledge of how grazing by bison impacts grassland birds, especially in sites restored and reconstructed from row-crop agriculture. Working at a tallgrass prairie site consisting of restored and remnant prairie in the years following bison reintroduction and ongoing prescribed burning, we assessed overall species richness and the relative detection frequency of five focal species (Grasshopper Sparrow, Henslow's Sparrow, Dickcissel, Eastern Meadowlark, and Brown-headed Cowbird). We used stationary bioacoustics recorders to record the soundscape during the summer breeding season in areas with and without bison from 2016 to 2018. Species richness and the detection frequencies of our focal species were not influenced by bison disturbance. Grasshopper Sparrow and Dickcissel detection frequency increased slightly in response to prescribed fire, whereas Henslow's Sparrow detection frequency decreased. Time since sites were restored was a predominant factor that influenced the variation in detection frequency of Henslow's Sparrows and Eastern Meadowlarks, likely due to vegetation differences in restored versus remnant sites and each species' vegetation structure preferences. Brown-headed Cowbird detection frequency was unaffected by bison presence, prescribed fire, or time since restoration, but varied among sampling years. Our focal species showed no response to bison disturbance 4 y after the bison reintroduction. This suggests there could be a time-lag for a response or that these species will not respond to the bison reintroduction at this study site.

Citation

Herakovich, Heather, Nicholas A. Barber, and Holly P. Jones. "Assessing the Impacts of Prescribed Fire and Bison Disturbance on Birds Using Bioacoustic Recorders." The American Midland Naturalist 186, no. 2 (2021): 245-262.

Disturbance Type and Timing Affect Growth and Tolerance Strategies in Grassland Plant Leaves

This article was published online Oct. 27, 2021, in the journal Rangeland Ecology and Management.

Full text available online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2021.09.005

Abstract

As human activities alter winter climates and disturbance regimes in grassland and rangeland ecosystems, the temperatures that plants experience during spring are changing. Litter can help buffer overwintering herbaceous plants from temperature fluctuations, and management practices dictate whether litter is present during the winter. Here, we investigate how disturbance type (burning, mowing) and timing (spring, fall) affect leaf characteristics related to growth and stress tolerance and how these traits change over time for five common tallgrass prairie species including four forb (Monarda fistulosa, Ratibida pinnata, Silphium integrifolium, Symphiotrichum laeve) and one grass species (Bromus inermis). To do this, we established a field experiment in Wisconsin, where plots were annually burned in the fall, mowed in the fall, burned in the spring, or left undisturbed (control) for 3 yr. We sampled leaves of target species seven times from spring emergence through early summer to measure specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf cold tolerance in each treatment. Leaves from fall-burned plots had lower SLAs, while leaves in spring-burned plots had higher SLAs early in the growing season. Leaf cold tolerance was similar across most treatments except in spring-burn plots, where leaves became more cold-hardy through time. We found weak evidence of a tradeoff between leaf growth and both cold tolerance and SLA. These results suggest that management decisions like litter removal before winter (e.g., fall burn or mow) prompted different plant responses compared with plots where litter was present during winter (e.g., spring burn). As species respond to winter climate change, management decisions have implications for mitigating climate change impacts and maintaining diversity in grasslands by affecting early-season plant growth strategies. For example, removing litter in the fall by burning promotes stress-tolerant responses, which may better equip plants to tolerate changing spring conditions.

Keywords: Cold tolerance, Disturbance regime, Emergence, Fire timing, Functional traits, Growth-tolerance tradeoff

Citation

Henn, Jonathan J., Laura M. Ladwig, and Ellen I. Damschen. "Disturbance Type and Timing Affect Growth and Tolerance Strategies in Grassland Plant Leaves." Rangeland Ecology & Management 80 (2022): 18-25.

Patterns of Anthropogenic Fire within the Midwestern Tallgrass Prairie 1673–1905: Evidence from Written Accounts

This article was published Oct. 18, 2021, in Natural Areas Journal.

This article is open access and the full text is available here: https://doi.org/10.3375/20-5

Abstract

We conducted literature searches of records from Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Ohio, and Wisconsin to create a source bibliography of wildland fire descriptions occurring between 1673 and 1905. A total of 795 landscape fire records were identified within or near the eastern tallgrass prairie–forest transition region, including 32 attributed to Native Americans, 194 to Europeans from spontaneous records in the nineteenth century, and 569 to Europeans from a systematic dataset collected during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Minnesota. From these historical accounts, we find overwhelming evidence that a two- to three-week period during October and November, known then as “Indian summer,” was the primary wildland fire season. Our records indicate that Native Americans used fire primarily for hunting, whereas Euro-American fires were set to reduce fire hazards near their habitations, to eliminate crop residues, and to facilitate plowing, or they were escapes due to mere carelessness. Only five lightning-caused fires were identified. Individual fires frequently burned thousands of hectares, creating dense smoke, damaging trees, personal property, and occasionally burning inhabitants fatally. South and southwest were the most frequent wind directions during wildfires. Drought years, including 1796, 1819, 1856, and 1871, were characterized by extensive fires, which ultimately resulted in legislation to protect property owners and public welfare. Fire events for the study period are certainly underestimated by this dataset because only large, spectacular, threatening fires were recorded, especially during European settlement. In addition, our estimate of Native American fire frequency and prevalence is less than their historical/expected frequency, due to their widespread population collapse and changed hunting methods following contact and dispossession by Europeans.

Citation

William E. McClain, Charles M. Ruffner, John E. Ebinger, Greg Spyreas "Patterns of Anthropogenic Fire within the Midwestern Tallgrass Prairie 1673–1905: Evidence from Written Accounts," Natural Areas Journal, 41(4), 283-300, (18 October 2021)

Evolving Management Paradigms on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lands in the Prairie Pothole Region

This article was published online January 11, 2019 in the journal Rangelands.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rala.2018.12.004

Abstract

• The US Fish and Wildlife Service manages nearly 1 million acres of wetlands and grasslands in the Prairie Pothole Region.

•  Initial management paradigms focused on nesting cover for waterfowl and other birds, which led to idling prairies, and seeding former croplands to non-native plants.

•  Current paradigms encompass a broader focus on ecological integrity and biological diversity, resulting in increased defoliation of prairies and seeding former croplands to native plants.

Keywords: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Prairie Pothole Region; land management; waterfowl; fire; grazing

Citation

Dixon, Cami, Sara Vacek, and Todd Grant. "Evolving Management Paradigms on US Fish and Wildlife Service Lands in the Prairie Pothole Region." Rangelands (2019).

Corresponding author: Cami Dixon (Cami_dixon “at” fws.gov)

Wildland Fire Science Literacy: Education, Creation, and Application

This open access article was published December 19, 2018: https://doi.org/10.3390/fire1030052

Abstract

Wildland fire science literacy is the capacity for wildland fire professionals to understand and communicate three aspects of wildland fire: (1) the fundamentals of fuels and fire behavior, (2) the concept of fire as an ecological regime, and (3) multiple human dimensions of wildland fire and the socio-ecological elements of fire regimes. Critical to wildland fire science literacy is a robust body of research on wildland fire. Here, we describe how practitioners, researchers, and other professionals can study, create, and apply robust wildland fire science. We begin with learning and suggest that the conventional fire ecology canon include detail on fire fundamentals and human dimensions. Beyond the classroom, creating robust fire science can be enhanced by designing experiments that test environmental gradients and report standard data on fuels and fire behavior, or at least use the latter to inform models estimating the former. Finally, wildland fire science literacy comes full circle with the application of robust fire science as professionals in both the field and in the office communicate with a common understanding of fundamental concepts of fire behavior and fire regime.

Keywords:  environmental education; fire ecology and management; human dimensions of wildland fire; natural resource science and management

Citation

McGranahan, Devan, and Carissa Wonkka. "Wildland Fire Science Literacy: Education, Creation, and Application." Fire 1, no. 3 (2018): 52.

Corresponding author: Devan Allen McGranahan (devan.mcgranahan "at" ndsu.edu)

Liability and Prescribed Fire: Perception and Reality

Available online Jan. 25, 2019 via https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550742418301283. (in press, corrected proof as of Jan. 29, 2019)

Abstract

Changing climate and fuel accumulation are increasing wildfire risks across the western United States. This has led to calls for fire management reform, including the systematic use of prescribed fire. Although use of prescribed fire by private landowners in the southern Great Plains has increased during the past 30 yr, studies have determined that liability concerns are a major reason why many landowners do not use or promote the use of prescribed fire. Generally, perceptions of prescribed fire − related liability are based on concerns over legal repercussions for escaped fire. This paper reviews the history and current legal liability standards used in the United States for prescribed fire, it examines how perceived and acceptable risk decisions about engagement in prescribed burning and other activities differ, and it presents unanticipated outcomes in two cases of prescribed fire insurance aimed at promoting the use of prescribed fire. We demonstrate that the empirical risk of liability from escaped fires is minimal (< 1%) and that other underlying factors may be leading to landowners’ exaggerated concerns of risk of liability when applying prescribed fire. We conclude that providing liability insurance may not be the most effective approach for increasing the use of prescribed fire by private landowners. Clearly differentiating the risks of applying prescribed fire from those of catastrophic wildfire damages, changing state statutes to reduce legal liability for escaped fire, and expanding landowner membership in prescribed burn associations may be more effective alternatives for attaining this goal. Fear of liability is a major deterrent to the use of prescribed fire; however, an evaluation of the risks from escaped fire does not support perceptions that using prescribed fire as a land management tool is risky. Prescribed burning associations and agencies that support land management improvement have an important role to play in spreading this message.

Key Words: legal statutes; liability insurance; negligence; prescribed burn association; risk assessment

Citation:

Weir, John R., Urs P. Kreuter, Carissa L. Wonkka, Dirac Twidwell, Dianne A. Stroman, Morgan Russell, and Charles A. Taylor. "Liability and Prescribed Fire: Perception and Reality." Rangeland Ecology & Management (2019).

Corresponding author: John R. Weir (john.weir "at" okstate.edu)